Absence of fungi or their spores does not exclude mycotoxicosis eg, feed storage or preparation conditions, such as acid treatment or pelleting, can destroy fungi while the heat-tolerant mycotoxin persists.
Most veterinary mycotoxicoses occur in large-animal species, but important outbreaks can happen in pets and exotic animals. Especially important in diagnosis is the presence of a disease documented to be caused by a known mycotoxin, combined with detection of the mycotoxin in either feedstuffs or animal tissues. Sometimes, multiple mycotoxins may be present in feedstuffs, and their different toxicological properties may cause clinical signs and lesions inconsistent with those evident when animals are dosed experimentally with pure, single mycotoxins.
Some mycotoxins are immunosuppressive, increasing susceptibility to secondary infections that are more obvious than the primary disease. When immunosuppression by a mycotoxin is suspected, differential diagnoses must be carefully established by thorough clinical and historical evaluation, examination of production records, and appropriate diagnostic testing. Mycotoxicoses are generally not successfully treated after diagnosis.
A preventive approach with recognition of risk factors and avoidance or reduction of exposure is preferred. Best management practices are aimed at prevention of the occurrence of mycotoxins, inactivation of the preformed toxin in grain or feed, and adsorption or inactivation of the toxin in the GI tract; metabolism of some mycotoxins, especially in ruminant animals, can be supported by use of feed ingredients of good nutritional quality.
Testing of suspect grain at harvest, maintaining clean and dry storage facilities, using acid additives eg, propionic acid to control mold growth in storage, ensuring effective air exclusion in silage storage, and reducing storage time of prepared feeds are established procedures to prevent mycotoxin formation.
Acidic additives control mold growth but do not destroy preformed toxins. There are no specific antidotes for mycotoxins; removal of the source of the toxin ie, the moldy feedstuff eliminates further exposure.
The absorption of some mycotoxins eg, aflatoxin Aflatoxicosis in Animals Aflatoxicosis is a worldwide mycotoxicosis with production of potent hepatotoxins on animal feed both in the field and storage during hot temperatures drought and often occurs concurrent with Alternatively, feed with known mycotoxin concentrations can be fed to less susceptible species, with the caveat that some mycotoxins such as aflatoxin could result in violative residues in food in the absence of illness.
When contaminated feed is blended with uncontaminated feed, care must be taken to prevent further mold growth by the toxigenic contaminants.
This may be accomplished by thorough drying or by addition of organic acids eg, propionic acid. Important mycotoxic diseases occur in domestic animals worldwide. Thoroughly inspect storage bins, mixing equipment, and feeders for caking, molding, or musty odors.
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